Locations. The existence of hot springs at the Mount Meager massif and Mount Cayley indicates that magmatic heat is still present beneath or near these volcanoes. There are 857 composite volcanoes, 238 cinder volcanoes, and 184 shield volcanoes. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 100: 563-579. These ice-marginal lava flows were created when lava ponded against glacial ice in the nearby valleys before the Wisconsin Glaciation. Landforms of British Columbia, a physiographic outline. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of lava flows that were erupted when the vent area was not covered by glacial ice. The Pemberton Belt began its formation when the former Farallon Plate was subducting under the British Columbia Coast 29million years ago during the Oligocene epoch. [50], People have used resources in and around the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt for centuries. Mount Garibaldi, a dormant volcano from the Pleistocene age, dominates the horizon at 2,678 meters and is one of the South Coast Mountains most iconic peaks. and Yukon . A. This created the unique asymmetrical shape of the mountain. [7][20] The caldera has a diameter of 20km (12mi) and contains breccia, lava flows and lava domes. It is a highly eroded stratovolcano composed of dacite and rhyodacite lava that was deposited during three phases of volcanic activity. This is unusually long for a dacite flow, which commonly travel only short distances from a volcanic vent due to their high viscosity. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The last volcano to erupt in the continental 48 states was __. Read P B, 1977. Type Elevation (m) Elevation (ft) Last eruption date Last eruption VEI Location Boring Lava Field: Volcanic field: 1,236: 4,055: Pleistocene Souther J G, 1977. Last edited on 14 November 2022, at 23:02, "Magmatic evolution of the eastern Coast Plutonic Complex, Bella Coola region, west-central British Columbia", "Evolution of magmas and magma sources to the Coast Mountains Batholith, British Columbia, Canada, refelcted [, "Pacific Mountain System Cascades volcanoes", "The M9 Cascadia Megathrust Earthquake of January 26, 1700", "Preliminary field, petrographic and geochemical analysis of possible subglacial, dacitic volcanism at the Watts Point volcanic centre, southwestern British Columbia", "Mt. From the subterranean lava tube caves of the Medicine Lake volcano to the fire-and-ice formation of Mount Garibaldi, from the cataclysmic collapse of Crater Lake to the incinerating blast of modern Mount St. Helens, and from deadly volcanic gas presently killing trees at Mammoth Mountain The Barrier, a lava dam impounding Garibaldi Lake in the southern segment, is the best represented ice-marginal lava flow in the Garibaldi Belt. Its volcanics are undated, but its large amount of dissection and evidence of glacial ice overriding the volcano indicates that it formed more than 75,000years ago before the Wisconsinan Glaciation. An eruption column released during Pelan activity would discharge large amounts of tephra that would endanger aircraft. eruption of Mount Meager volcanic complex, British Columbia, Canada: implications for hazards form eruptions in topographically complex terrain. The age of the first volcanic eruption is unknown, but it could have occurred in the past 10,000years. Geologists generally group volcanoes into four main kinds--cinder cones, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. It was constructed during three periods of activity. [42] It has a volume of 20km3 (4.8cumi) and consists of an eroded stratovolcano, ranging in composition from andesite to rhyodacite. [12][13][14] This is a large batholith complex that was formed when the Farallon and Kula plates were subducting along the western margin of the North American Plate during the Jurassic and Tertiary periods. This indicates that the area around Meager is a major geothermal site. Eruptive history and K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic Garibaldi volcanic belt, southwestern British Columbia. Advanced. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior. Mount Vesuvius facts. . Canada has five potentially active volcanic areas, all in B.C. Volcanics include dacite breccia and small remnants of hornblende andesite lava flows associated with tuffs that reach 450m (1,480ft) thick. Can J Earth Sci, 32: 1172-1179. [7][11], Prior to Garibaldi Belt formation, a number of older, but related volcanic belts were constructed along the Southern Coast of British Columbia. Each day updated global maps are compiled to display the locations of all hot spots detected in the previous 24 hours. In 1990, the pumice outcrop was bought by D.R. The 3 types of volcanoes are stratovolcano (also known as a composite volcano), cinder cone volcano, and shield volcano. Mount Garibaldi also lends its name to the Garibaldi Ranges, the group of mountain ranges that fill Garibaldi Park.. A subsection of the Garibaldi Ranges is the Garibaldi Nv, which is the large icefield that stretches out along the east side of Mount Garibaldi. From the subterranean lava tube caves of the Medicine Lake volcano to the re-and-ice formation of Mount Garibaldi, from the cataclysmic collapse of Crater Lake to the incinerating blast of modern Mount St. Helens, and from deadly volcanic gas presently killing trees at Mammoth Mountain to Nasmith H, Mathews W H, Rouse G E, 1967. [20], Dominating the Garibaldi chain are volcanoes and other volcanic formations that formed during periods of intense glaciation. There are several volcanic centres in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: the Garibaldi centre (including Mount Garibaldi and the Black Tusk-Mount Price area adjacent to Garibaldi Lake (Figures 4.0.1 and 4.0.2), Mount Cayley, and Mount. [36][44] The springs at Meager massif might be evidence of a shallow magma chamber beneath the surface. Landslides and other collapses of large parts of a volcano may occur with or without accompanying eruptions, and may transform into lahars if significant water is available. It has a maximum elevation of 2,678 metres (8,786 feet) and rises above the surrounding . A series of dikes and subvolcanic intrusions compose the complex, a few of which seem to represent vents for the overlying sequence of volcanic deposits. [48][49] The seismic activity corresponds with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Mount Garibaldi and the Mount Cayley and Mount Meager massifs. Located near Squamish, Mount Garibaldi is a stratovolcano that is part of the Cascade volcanic arc. An initial period of volcanism 0.51-0.22 million years ago was followed after a period of quiescence by construction of a conical plug dome and breccia pile at the south summit, Atwell Peak. It was here that the remaining survivors of the flood latched their canoes to the peak and waited for the waters to subside. It protrudes through remnants of volcanic material erupted from the Slag Hill proper, but it represents a separate volcanic vent due to its geographical appearance. Pail Dome East is composed of a mass of andesite lava flows and small amounts of pyroclastic material. [10][36] This subsequently created two minor parasitic lava domes 200,000years ago. Garibaldi (Volcano) located in Washington Eruption History: 1792, 1843 -65 , 1870, 1880 Source of Volcanic Eruption Hazards to the Lower Mainland of British Columbia LOCATION OF VOLCANOES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGEND [20] Mount Meager massif in particular poses a major long-distance threat to communities throughout southern British Columbia and Alberta because of its explosive history. It is one of the older volcanic features in the central Garibaldi chain. It is sponsored by the, The IAVCEI Commission on Volcanic Hazards and Risk has a, Middle InfraRed Observation of Volcanic Activity (. Of the entire Cascade Arc, the Garibaldi chain has the lowest rate of volcanic activity. Mount Vesuvius Geology and Hazards. Mount Garibaldi at the head of Howe Sound north of Vancouver is a Pleistocene dacitic stratovolcano capped by a lava dome complex. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [16], Unlike most subduction zones worldwide, there is no deep oceanic trench present in the bathymetry of the continental margin in Cascadia. Geol Surv Can, Open-File 603, 1:20,000 geol map and text. The Cascade Volcanoes extend in a north-south line from Mt. mount garibaldi volcano Recientes Grubhub Gift Card Donation, Being Respectful Behavior Management, Luckin Coffee Scandal Timeline, How Does Longitude Affect Climate, Facts About Louvre Museum, Tetris High Score Iphone, Hall Of Fame Game 2021 Tv Coverage, 1024x768 Hd Wallpapers For Windows 7, / A perspective view across Maat Mons on Venus, based on Magellan radar data. A similar system for identifying such lahars exists at Mount Rainier in the U.S. state of Washington. Similarly, to the south, Lassen Peak is sometimes considered the northernmost summit of the . Before 1980, snow-capped, gracefully symmetrical Mount St. Helens was known as the "Fujiyama of America." Mount St. Helens, other active Cascade volcanoes, and Mount Cayley began its formation during this period. Mount Meager volcanic complex, of Pliocene-to-Holocene age, forms a dissected andesitic-to-rhyodacitic stratovolcano with multiple eroded summit lava domes and volcanic necks. Multiple eruptions from 2.2million to 2,350years ago created the Mount Meager massif, and eruptions 1.3million to 9,300years ago formed Mount Garibaldi and other volcanoes in the Garibaldi Lake area. This is the last phase of the 2350 BP eruption, and subsequent stream erosion has cut through this lava flow to form a waterfall. Garibaldi Volcano located in British Columbia Eruption History: last dated 10,000 years ago Mt. The most recent volcanic activity produced a series of andesite and basaltic andesite lava flows down Pashleth Creek and the Machmell and Kingcome river valleys. The last recorded volcanic eruption was in 8060 BCE. [10][27] After these flows traveled 6km (3.7mi), they were dammed against glacial ice to form an ice-marginal lava flow more than 250m (820ft) thick known as The Barrier. Mount Garibaldi, peak in southern British Columbia, Canada, in the Coast Mountains east of the Cheakamus River. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ Press, 354 p. There is data available for 1 confirmed Holocene eruptive periods. Jun 17. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. This ultimately exposed the roots of the cone, which currently form the rugged edifice of The Black Tusk. The Eroded Volcano Mt. Volcanology of the 2350 B.P. The complex is poorly known due to minimal studies, but potassium-argon dates obtained from some of the subvolcanic intrusions indicate that Franklin formed during two volcanic events, each separated by about five million years of dormancy. Individual volcanoes and volcanic fields remain quiet for a long period of time and certain vents may never erupt again. This is a potentially active volcano that is located southwest of British Columbia. This includes flow-dominated tuyas, subglacial lava domes and ice-marginal lava flows. Its chemistry is somewhat unlike other andesite flows comprising Ring Mountain, but it probably erupted from a volcanic vent adjacent to or at Ring Mountain. Information about large Quaternary eruptions (VEI >= 4) is cataloged in the, EarthChem develops and maintains databases, software, and services that support the preservation, discovery, access and analysis of geochemical data, and facilitate their integration with the broad array of other available earth science parameters. eruption products of Mount Meager, British Columbia. Following extensive dissection, renewed volcanism produced a viscous series of lava flows forming its narrow, flat-topped, steep-sided northern limit and the northern end of the main ridge. This long history of volcanic activity along a still active plate boundary indicates that volcanic eruptions in the Garibaldi Belt have not ended and risks for future eruptions remain. Hike to the summit of Mount Chirrip, the highest point in Costa Rica, snorkel with sea turtles in warm turquoise water, or soak in a volcanic mineral pool Unique and authentic experiences: Admire the forest oor from the middle of a hanging bridge, or take an aerial tram to lake, volcano, and ocean views. The 1700 Cascadia earthquake caused near-shore subsidence, submerging marshes and forests on the coast that were later buried under more recent debris. [7], At least four volcanoes have had seismic activity since 1985, including Mount Garibaldi (three events), Mount Cayley (four events), Mount Meager massif (seventeen events) and the Silverthrone Caldera (two events). Mount Garibaldi, 80 km due north of Vancouver, is made up of Mount Garibaldi, Atwell Peak,and Dalton Dome. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. This produced the Rubble Creek and Clinker Ridge andesite lava flows that extend 6km (3.7mi) to the northwest and southwest. But there is specific data, including the temporal grouping of eruptions synglacially or just postglacial within the Garibaldi Belt, that suggests this could be probable. This could later endanger water supplies from Pitt Lake and fisheries on the Pitt River. This eruptive phase also produced a lava dome that comprises the current 2,316m (7,598ft) high pinnacle. Unlike the lava flow that was erupted during the second eruption, this lava flow was not impounded by glacial ice at its lower unit. Quaternary magmatism in the Cascades--geologic perpectives. A possible explanation for the lower rates of volcanism in the Garibaldi chain is that the associated terrain is being compressed in contrast to the more southern portions of the Cascade Arc. [53], The belt of volcanoes has been the subject of myths and legends by First Nations. Garibaldi volcano collapsed into Cheakamus valley when the glacier it was built on melted, creating a rugged unstable slope at the head of the Cheekye River. Mount Garibaldi is an eroded, dacitic strato volcano in southwestern British Columbia.Both Garibaldi and Mount Baker to its south are part of the Cascade volcanic arc. This volcanic event was also followed by a period of erosion, and likely one or more glacial periods. Brit Columbia Dept Mines Petrol Resour Bull, 48: 1-138 (2nd printing). Omissions? After these volcanics were deposited, a series of dacite, andesite and rhyolite lava flows were erupted upon volcanic breccia from the first volcanic phase. This name of the mountain refers to the volcanic rubble in the area. Res., 169: 121-144. Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada. Subsequently, the breccia dam collapsed to produce a catastrophic flood that deposited house-sized boulders more than 1km (0.62mi) downstream. Mt. Quaternary basalts underlying the uppermost 22 km of the Elaho valley originated at the 1375 m level in the South Fork Meager River. Updates? A brief interval of plate motion adjustment about 3.5million years ago may have triggered the generation of basaltic magma along the descending plate edge. Obsidian was collected by the Squamish Nation for making knives, chisels, adzes and other sharp tools in pre-contact times. After each eruption, the size of the cone changes, according to Encyclopedia Britannica.The volcano also has a . [43][45][46] This is the largest recorded Holocene explosive eruption in Canada, originating from a volcanic vent on the northeastern flank of Plinth Peak. Mount Garibaldi B. The lava flow extending from near Pashleth Creek to down the Machmell River valley is over 25km (16mi) in length. About: Mount Garibaldi is easily British Columbia's most famous volcano. It is a massive volcano, as it has an elevation of 8786 feet. Mt Garibaldi volcano at the head of Howe Sound, 66 km north of Vancouver in SW British Columbia is probably Canada's best-known volcano and part of the active Cascades Range. [10], Bedrock under the Garibaldi chain consists of granitic and dioritic rocks of the Coast Plutonic Complex, which makes up much of the Coast Mountains. [33] Ember Ridge Southwest comprises at least one lava flow that reaches a thickness of 80m (260ft). Each one is different in its own right and provides unique clues to the geologic history of the region and information about how the volcano formed and what we can expect in the future. [11] The first event occurred between six and eight million years ago when volcanic activity in the Garibaldi Belt had not moved to its current location, but was becoming more aerially restricted within a large band to the east and west. The plates move at a relative rate of over 10mm (0.39in) per year at a somewhat oblique angle to the subduction zone. The first between 1.1and 1.3million years ago erupted hornblende andesite lava flows and tuffs. Subsequent volcanism produced another sequence of basaltic lava flows 4,000years ago that flowed in the same glacial valley. [20], The largest threat from volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain would likely be due to tephra released during explosive eruptions. Ice-marginal lava flows form when lava erupts from a subaerial vent and ponds against glacial ice. The remaining product from Fee's earliest volcanic activity is a minor portion of pyroclastic rock. [20], Jack Souther, a leading authority on geothermal resources and volcanism in the Canadian Cordillera has stated, "at present the volcanoes of the Garibaldi Belt are quiet, presumed dead but still not completely cold. Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. [32] Ember Ridge Southeast is the most complex of the Ember Ridge domes, consisting of a series of lava flows with a thickness of 60m (200ft). Garibaldi (in the background), near Squamish BC, is one of Canada's most recently active volcanoes, last erupted approximately 10,000 years ago. Using infrared satellite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, scientists at the Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai'i, developed an automated system called MODVOLC to map thermal hot-spots in near real time. These volcanics were extruded about 10,000years ago during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation from a vent adjacent to upper Cauldron Dome that is currently buried under glacial ice. However, the flows show evidence of interaction with glacial ice in their lower units. [10], The Black Tusk, a black pinnacle of volcanic rock on the northwestern shore of Garibaldi Lake, is the glacially eroded remnant of a much larger volcano that formed during two periods of volcanic activity. After this breakup, subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate might have been coincident with the northern end of Vancouver Island eight million years ago during the late Miocene period. In the mid-1970s the second hirer, W.H. [55][56] To the northwest, Brandywine Falls Provincial Park protects Brandywine Falls, a 70m (230ft) high waterfall composed of at least four basaltic lava flows with columnar joints. These volcanoes are the visible evidence of what geologists call "plate tectonics." The earth's surface, The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Clicking on the small images will load the full 300 dpi map. Icon of a mountain with a flag planted on top. [51], A large pumice outcrop adjacent to the Mount Meager massif has been mined several times in the past, and extends more than 2,000m (6,600ft) in length and 1,000m (3,300ft) in width with a thickness of about 300m (980ft). Less common volcanic landforms include cinder cones, volcanic plugs, lava domes and calderas. Mount Garibaldi, one of the larger volcanoes in the southern Garibaldi Belt with a volume of 6.5 km 3 (1.6 cu mi), is composed of dacite lavas that were erupted in the past 300,000 years. The five andesite flows are columnar jointed and were likely extruded through glacial ice. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. However, this volcano has been inactive for thousands of years. About 7,500m3 (260,000cuft) of pumice was mined in 1998 by the Great Pacific Pumice Incorporation. Mount Etna Types of volcanoes Cinder cone volcanoes (also called scoria cones) are the most common type of volcano, according to San Diego State University, and are the symmetrical. Instead, volcanic activity results in the formation of volcanic fields. [8][9] Most volcanoes of the Garibaldi chain are dormant stratovolcanoes and subglacial volcanoes that have been eroded by glacial ice. Many of those are located along the Pacific Rim in what is known as the " Ring of Fire ." At least two significant landslides from the southern flank of Pylon Peak 8,700and 4,400years ago dumped volcanic debris into the adjacent valley of Meager Creek. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. This includes the eastwest trending Alert Bay Volcanic Belt on northern Vancouver Island and the Pemberton Volcanic Belt along the coastal mainland. A low convergence rate in a compressional setting with massive stationary bodies of magma under the surface could explain the low volume and differentiated magmas throughout the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. We welcome users to tell us if they see incorrect information or other problems with the maps; please use the Contact GVP link at the bottom of the page to send us email. 1. The water reservoir for the Greater Vancouver drainage area is south of Mount Garibaldi. Abnormal warm water adjacent to Britannia Beach could be geothermal activity linked to the Watts Point volcanic zone. [45], Large landslides from Mount Cayley have occurred on its western flank, including a major debris avalanche about 4,800years ago that dumped an areal extent of 8km2 (3.1sqmi) of volcanic material into the adjacent valley bottom. There are about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes worldwide, aside from the continuous belts of volcanoes on the ocean floor at spreading centers like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It has an elevation of over 2,000m (6,600ft) and is largely destroyed by erosion. To the southeast, the Salal Glacier volcanic complex was constructed between 970,000and 590,000years ago. [15], The Garibaldi Belt has formed in response to ongoing subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate under the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone along the British Columbia Coast. Extensive erosion following the last volcanic event at Mount Fee has created the rugged northsouth trending ridge that currently forms a prominent landmark. [47] Subsequent pyroclastic flows were sent down the flanks of Plinth Peak for 7km (4.3mi) and were later succeeded by the eruption of a lava flow that demolished many times. The most recent, the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, was recorded in the oral traditions of the First Nations people on Vancouver Island. However, the general opinion seems to be that the range ends at the Fraser. This is partly because several volcanoes in the chain are located in remote regions and no major eruptions have occurred in Canada in the past few hundred years. Michol K A, Russel J K, Andrews G D M, 2008. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [54] The Thunderbird is a legendary creature in North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. It was constructed when volcanic material erupted onto a portion of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene period. [55] It was named after the 2,678m (8,786ft) stratovolcano Mount Garibaldi, which in turn was named after the Italian military and political leader Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860. Garibaldi, SW British Columbia, Canada", "Lava Domes, Volcanic Domes, Composite Domes", "Garibaldi volcanic belt: Garibaldi Lake volcanic field", "Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: Mount Cayley volcanic field", "Garibaldi volcano belt: Mount Meager volcanic field", "Distribution of tephra deposits in Western North America", "Volcanology in the Geological Survey of Canada", "Geology and Geothermal Potential of the AWA Claim Group, Squamish, British Columbia", "Mount Meager, Lillooet River Pumice, Pum, Great Pacific, Mt. More minor amounts of volcanic ash can be expected more commonly. Garibaldi was built by violent volcanic eruptions 15 to 20 thousand years ago when the Squamish Valley was filled with a large glacier. Apart from these large volcanic zones, two large poorly studied volcanic complexes lie at the northern end of the Pacific Ranges, namely Silverthrone Caldera and Franklin Glacier Complex. And if the edifice is eroded, it could change the prominence of fragmental glaciovolcanic deposits as well. This indicates that the lavas were erupted during the waning stages of the Fraser Glaciation. (credit: NASA/JPL) Venus is almost the same size, mass and density as Earth. There is no Emissions History data available for Meager. The random shaps of the Ember Ridge domes are the result of erupted lava taking advantage of former ice pockets, eruptions taking place on uneven surfaces, subsidence of the domes during volcanic activity to create rubble and separation of older columnar units during more recent eruptions. The deposit was first hired by J. MacIsaac, who died in the late 1970s. The outcrop covers an area of about 0.2km2 (0.077sqmi) and an eruptive volume of roughly 0.02km3 (0.0048cumi). Volcanologists use many different kinds of tools including instruments that detect and record earthquakes (seismometers and seimographs), instruments that measure ground deformation (EDM, Leveling, GPS, tilt), instruments that detect and measure volcanic gases (COSPEC), instruments that determine how much lava is moving underground (VLF, EM-31), IAVCEI, 1973-80. Mount Garibaldi, peak in southern British Columbia, Canada, in the Coast Mountains east of the Cheakamus River. Shaking due to this earthquake made it too difficult for the Cowichan people to stand, and the tremors were so lengthy that they were sickened. North of the Salal Glacier complex lies a small basaltic stratovolcano named Tuber Hill. [20] In the past two million years, the volume of erupted material in the Garibaldi Belt has been less than 10% of that in the U.S. states of California and Oregon and about 20% of that within the U.S. state of Washington. The summit of the complex consists of overlapping piles of andesitic lava flows and younger dacitic lava domes and flows. [42] As a result, the risk of eruptions throughout this part of the Cascade Arc is minor. It is also one of the tallest, at 2,678 m in height. Our innovative products and services for learners, authors and customers are based on world-class research and are relevant, exciting and inspiring. This is a list of Cascade volcanoes, . These major volcanic zones lie in three echelon segments, referred to as the northern, central, and southern segments. Meager Creek geothermal area. This zone, known as the Watts Point volcanic centre, is a small outcrop of volcanic rock that is a portion of a subglacial volcano. EarthChem is operated by a joint team of disciplinary scientists, data scientists, data managers and information technology developers who are part of the NSF-funded data facility. For each MODIS image, the algorithm automatically scans each 1 km pixel within it to check for high-temperature hot-spots. 0410 BCE 200 years Enjoy your time by walking around the little shops in Pompeii. At carefully monitored volcanoes both the located and noticed events are recorded and surveyed immediately to improve the understanding of a future eruption. Flow-dominated tuyas differ from the typical basaltic tuyas throughout British Columbia in that they are composed of piles of flat-lying lava flows and lack hyaloclastite and pillow lava. It is a young stratovolcano capped by a complex of lava domes. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. [10] Each segment contains one of the three major volcanic zones. [5] The Slag Hill flow-dominated tuya 900m (3,000ft) northeast of Slag Hill proper consists of a flat-topped, steep-sided pile of andesite. 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