Another ethical risk is that intelligence reporting provided to another nation, such as under longstanding sharing arrangements, may be used by their agencies to take action against a suspect in a way that would not be permitted in the country that is providing the intelligence. the threat gathering against us. About this book The skills and tools for collecting, verifying and correlating information from different types of systems is an essential skill when tracking down hackers. 12. Gathering intelligence on financial markets makes a vital contribution to that understanding. Passive information gathering refers to gathering as much information as possible without establishing contact between the pen tester (yourself) and the target about which you are collecting information. This is where sensitive recruitment and training in personal value ethics at least ensures that the intelligence officers recognize when they are sinning against conventional morality and that they weigh up before acting the ethical risks involved and whether their actions are really necessary and proportionate in the circumstances. reNgine is an automated reconnaissance framework used for OSINT gathering that streamlines the recon process. 12. Intelligence officers have, for example, at times to lie and deceive as part of their tradecraft, yet such behavior cannot be advocated as a universal habitand indeed were such behavior to become widespread then no-one would ever be believed. For most of British history secret intelligence was gathered at home and overseas using the prerogative powers of the crown to authorize whatever was necessary to defend the state and its interests by means that remained deeply secret and were unconstrained by law.24 That still remains the model for security and intelligence activity for many autocratic nations around the world. Four years ago, the United Kingdom Parliament after extensive scrutiny passed (by a large cross-party majority) a comprehensive law regulating intrusive intelligence gathering. 15. 38. The chapter concludes by applying these ideas to the techniques currently in use for counter-terrorism, especially the role of digital intelligence gathering today in helping uncover terrorist networks and frustrate attacks. 2.2. 29. The U.K. experience is that carefully targeted digital intelligence generates pieces of the intelligence jigsaw, along with more traditional methods, to identify cyber harms and frustrate terrorist attacks. Sources can include the following: Advisors or foreign internal defense (FID) personnel working with host nation (HN) forces or populations Diplomatic reporting by accredited diplomats (e.g. The data available on social media sites can be either open to the public (e.g., Public posts on Facebook or LinkedIn) or private. An example was the Provisional IRAs 199697 bombing campaign against economic targets on the British mainland to focus government attention on PIRA demands in peace talks. 8. (PDF) The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of Interrogation Methods The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of. This thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. Without it, we are vulnerable to serious harms. Read our privacy policy for more information on how we use this data. The role of intelligence in supporting an integrated CT strategy, The ethical risks in accessing secret intelligence, Just war concepts for principled intelligence activity, Where ethical issues in counterterrorism intelligence are most acute, https://www.mi5.gov.uk/international-terrorism, https://www.mi5.gov.uk/the-rise-of-the-islamist-terrorist-threat, http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2016-12/cp16014en.pdf, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/accessed, https://www.theguardian.com/news/defense-and-security-blog/2015/mar/12/britains-spy-agencies-the-only-watchdog-is-the-workforce, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-patrick-finucane-review, https://www.gchq.gov.uk/section/culture/our-values, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62632/Consolidated_Guidance_November_2011, https://rusi.org/publication/whitehall-reports/democratic-license-operate-report-independent-surveillance-review, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. The question of what is a just war, and what is right conduct once in a war, have preoccupied theologians and philosophers ever since, from Cicero, through Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Thomas Aquinas to Martin Luther (the first theologian to declare that a just war cannot be fought for religious purposes). Nevertheless, the record in disrupting terrorism in the U.K. is impressive (for example, fifteen plots in the eighteenmonths from mid-2019). Finding a cover prior to gathering the information. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance of requirements by decision makers, collection, processing, analysis, and publication (i.e., dissemination) of intelligence. Social media intelligence (SOCMINT) is a sub-branch of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), it refers to the information collected from social media websites. See the judgments of the Investigatory Powers Tribunal, listed at https://www.ipt-uk.com/judgments.asp (accessed March 26, 2020). By analogy, these principles can be used to help analyze the jus ad intelligentiam and jus in intelligentio.33 On the one hand, in the case of serious terrorism, States have no difficulty justifying the collection of intelligence, jus ad intelligentiam, on suspects, both as a matter of national security and because terrorism is a serious crime. The analysis references the Just War tradition that provides a set of ethical principles that can be used to unpack the issues that arise in counter-terrorist activity. Real-world Market Intelligence Examples. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe | OSCE 45, cited in Omand and Phythian, 103. Sorry, you need to enable JavaScript to visit this website. Jack McDonald, Enemies Known and Unknown: Targeted Killings in Americas Transnational War (London: Hurst, 2017). This principle provides the basis for ethical oversight of the artificial intelligence algorithms that are increasingly being used to question large data sets. 33. Critical community infrastructures such as those related to food, agriculture, public health, telecommunications, 4. See for example Charles Allen, Gods Terorrists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (London: Little, Brown, 2006); and Noah Feldman, The Rise and Fall of the Islamic State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008). It will self-evidently help if there is running through the CT strategy a set of shared ethical premises. In short, how one decent human being should behave toward another. A reasonable prospect of success in achieving the desired ends from the activity. 3. Intelligence gathering is an essential task for a nation to preserve life and property. The heart of an integrated CT strategy lies in having a strategic aim that can be shared by all those with a contribution to make from central government and its departments and its security and intelligence agencies, the armed forces, police services, local government, private industry and the voluntary sector, and of course members of the law abiding public acting sensibly in terms of reporting suspicious activity and community concerns. 16. 40. 35. In particular, three key interlinked intelligence failures have occurred at differ-ent levels. The Prepare campaign also involved planning long investment in the resilience of critical national infrastructure and the built environment.19, The CONTEST strategy remains in force in the U.K. in 2020, having been through several refresh and updating exercises, and most recently having its scope expanded to cover terrorism from the extreme right, a disturbing phenomenon across Europe in the last few years. It uncovered that an intelligence-led approach was adopted for all key service areas and not just crime with . All content (excluding logos and photographs) is available under the Non-Commercial College Licence except where otherwise stated. Home Office, Security and Intelligence Agencies Retention and Use of Bulk Personal Databases, Code of Practice, 2016, para. 31. 6. 19. Before a new type of weapon is introduced into the battlefield there needs to be a legal assessment that the combination of weapon and operator is capable of discriminating between them. Democratic governments recognize their primary responsibility toward the safety and security of the publicand, to discharge this duty of care, need to know about those who pose a threat. intelligence gathering, how it has been justified by the 'ticking-bomb' scenario and why those justifications set dangerous precedents that undermine liberal values. Data is collected, stored, and analyzed by business intelligence (BI), the technological and procedural infrastructure that allows a company to gather, store, and analyze data. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Canada's federal police force. Wrangling what might be dozens or hundreds of social media profiles is a bit much for early reconnaissance. intelligence - will spur further intelligence needs. The golden thread that runs through counterterrorism is therefore intelligence. intelligence, in government and military operations, evaluated information concerning the strength, activities, and probable courses of action of foreign countries or nonstate actors that are usually, though not always, enemies or opponents. The chapter then examines the ethical issues associated with the general practice of secret intelligence. Nevertheless, we cannot expect intelligence officers to meet the categorical imperative of Immanuel Kant, namely I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law. The index of risk can be taken to be the product of different factors: the likelihood of terrorist attack x the vulnerability of society to such attack x the severity of initial impact of an attack x the duration of the resulting disruption and dislocation before life can return to normal. Human agents who are members of terrorist organizations may well already have committed serious crimes and be continuing to participate in the activities of the group, including engaging in criminal and violent behavior. The use of intelligence in deriving the strategic aim of the integrated U.K. counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST, and supporting its delivery is examined. Competitive Intelligence is largely believed to be a critical component of building a . See Consolidated Guidance to Intelligence Officers and Service Personnel, July 2010, updated 2011, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62632/Consolidated_Guidance_November_2011 (accessed April 2, 2020). The widely used model of intelligence-led policing by state and local law enforcement agencies sets a solid base for incorporating forensic data into data analysis and crime intelligence. Reference has already been made to the balancing acts which are needed to establish a way of reconciling conflicting principles. For example, in the case of bulk access to communications data that the application of some filtering or other targeting or selection mechanism has an acceptable likelihood of pulling out for the analyst material that is relevant to an authorised intelligence requirement. 44. In relating to intelligence gathering, he opined that information The Nigerian security agencies in conjunction with that meets the stated, understood needs of National Intelligence Agency (NIA), the arm saddled policymakers collected, refined and narrowed the with international security, are touted to have lost their accomplished goal; i.e. The agent may come under suspicion and be expected to prove loyalty and reliability to the terrorist leadership, for example, by asked to execute suspected informers or prisoners. The ethical risks of intelligence operations should be kept in line with the harm that it is intended to be prevented by them. RAND has examined how nations successfully collect intelligence, how the U.S. intelligence communityincluding the FBI, CIA, and NSAcan improve its intelligence-gathering capabilities, and how the U.S. military can make better use of its limited land-, sea-, and air-based intelligence collection assets in the rapidly changing battlefields of the "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. Having a reliable internal moral compass is a pre-requisite for principled intelligence. The GCHQ web-site for example emphasizes the values set by Director Jeremy Fleming od Integrity, Ingenuity, Impact and Teamwork, working lawfully, ethically and impartially, https://www.gchq.gov.uk/section/culture/our-values (accessed April 2, 2020. Intelligence activity is therefore, quite justifiably, shrouded in secrecy and most is conducted well out of sight. Have your say on draft guidance giving victims of crime greater control over how and when police can extract their digital information, A role where it's important to keep on top of your continuing professional development and learn from research and analysis colleagues, An evidence-analysis role that supports policing's ability to take action and defend decision-making, A role where every day you're assessing risk, prioritising operations and pursuing the truth, Looking for more on this topic? Like dealing with a combustible gas there is a relation between the extent of the gas, the pressure applied, and its temperature. British courts have made clear that where there is suspicion of taint then such information cannot be introduced as evidence. Raising the game for clean sport | World Anti-Doping Agency People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. To rapid a compression and the temperature rise may spark a conflagration. Any terrorist attack is individually highly distressing to those involved. UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 5, https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ (accessed March 27, 2020). Regulation with the Secretary of State (Foreign Secretary for overseas and Home Secretary domestically) personally signing bulk warrants subject to judicial review by a senior judge acting as Commissioner, who with a team of inspectors ensures the work of the agencies remains within the law. Data collection, analysis, dissemination and utilization are key . 26. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Reducing the risk, not eliminating it, is itself an ethical judgment since it involves accepting that there will be some continuing risk to the public. Human intelligence (HUMINT) are gathered from a person in the location in question. But without liberty and the rule of law, attempts to impose security will end badly. . Intelligence in today's policing environment must adapt to the new realities presented by terrorism and conventional crimes. Offering to get the threat of criminal charges against a suspect in custody lifted would be an example of the former; offering to provide financial or medical security for the agents family an example of the latter. 10. The intelligence and security agencies are a special case. ReNgine. 7. A memoir drawn from four decades of experience in the U.S. Army explores the strengths and limitations of America's irregular warfare capability. World.pdf. The ethical issues associated with the general practice of secret intelligence are identified by referencing the Just War tradition establishing ethical restraints on armed conflict. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, 2nd ed. n"?Y=b'zO%vXf YR=K{q;>N0~ u`1 Often called value ethics, this tradition emphasizes the moral excellence that comes from exercise of the classic virtues of good character such as courage and justice toward others. 28. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, adopted unanimously on 28 September 2001. condemnation of 9/11. Tore Bjorgo and Horgan (London: Routledge, 2009), ch. 41. It is produced through an integration of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information. They need intelligence on the identities and associates, locations, movements, financing and intentions of the terrorists. Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) is the analysis and visual representation of security related activities on the earth. A much more integrated counter-terrorist effort is then needed, involving an all-of-nation effort, under the unifying banner of a national counter-terrorism strategy. As will be seen, good intelligence is essential in making those connections, with ethical limits hard baked into the strategy. Proportionality of means in relation to the ends to be secured. Intelligence is collected information that has been developed for action. Download. Then, on the assumption that secret intelligence has been obtained on the terrorists, a second set of ethical dilemmas can be addressed over the limits democratic governments might place on their uses to which preemptive intelligence can be put, such as to enable special forces operations or attacks by remotely piloted air systems (drones). There is only a single categorical imperative and it is this: Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.31 The essence of the Kantian moral philosophy is that a person is good or bad depending on the motivation of their actions and not on the goodness of the consequences of those actions. An important component of the Pursue strand was working with close allies on intelligence gathering and analysis, and with nations around the world also suffering from jihadist extremism. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The issue becomes for a liberal democracy what license to operate should be given to their security and intelligence agencies and what activity do the citizens not want their intelligence officers to engage in, especially in pursuit of the goal of public security against terrorism? Gathering intelligence and using it as a decision-making tool far predates the advent of computer systems or cybersecurity. hL) B` (]C@ S The 2016 Act has enhanced public trust in the security and intelligence authorities, whilst the secret agencies and their law enforcement partners have been able to use these powers effectively. Consultation Consultation on extracting data from electronic devices released Have your say on draft guidance giving victims of crime greater control over how and when police can extract their digital information . The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 created a powerful Commissioner (a very senior judge), a new system of warrants for access to bulk data and an independent body to authorize law enforcement access to communications data and internet data connection records (the who called whom, when, where and how), essential evidence for criminal trials and for locating missing children. Threat actors range from intelligence agencies and troll farms to child-abuse networks. Specific areas of counterterrorism work that nevertheless continue to raise significant ethical issues are identified. In CONTEST, this thinking led to the 4Ps of strategic lines of action to reduce each factor: Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare. Further, review all security measures concerning members of the 1 (January/February 8, 2002). PDF Intelligence without ambition is a bird without wings" S '1 *- D '$ " Having clear aims and end goals in mind will help keep you on track and also help others understand what you're trying to achieve. Moral philosophers categorize the possible ways of answering that question drawing on three traditions: the consequentialist; the deontological; and the aretaic.21. Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), ch. But as a result of this plot, passengers worldwide were henceforth not allowed to take liquids of any sort with them. The OSINT framework is an online directory that lists open source tools for OSINT gathering, sorted by source type. 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