UN affiliated agencies are nominally managed on a country-a-vote basis WB & IMF are run on a dollar-a-vote basis. It is remarkable that conflict resolution theory and instruments are also not taken into account either by indigenous organizations, or by international development agencies. In 1835, Thomas Macauly articulated the goals of British colonial imperialism most succinctly we must do our best to form a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern, a class of persons Indian in blood and color, but English in taste, in opinions, in words and intellect.. But even when they do, they tend to work with inadequate . Another non economic strand of thinking on what is desirable for development is given by Amartya Sen. 6) This situation will involve the dominant and non-dominant groups from each nation. This informality has brought further constraints to conflict resolution in developing A second set of critiques of the modernization theory regards the need to eliminate traditional values. As stated earlier that the administration of the British colonies was generally guided by the principle of indirect rule. swept away, with the loss of positive as well as negative features. Posted: August 2004 developing countries with a view to determining appropriate ones. In this essay I will try to figure out some of the ways and strategies in which the British Colonial state sought to maintain Social Control in the Colonial India. 8 Urban Management In this section, you have studied the meaning and the aims of development management. people to understand and analyze development issues. Washington: World Bank. Another approach is to assess levels of displacement. endstream endobj 467 0 obj <>/Metadata 60 0 R/Pages 464 0 R/StructTreeRoot 79 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences 474 0 R>> endobj 468 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 595.32 841.92]/Parent 464 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 469 0 obj <>stream Stull, despite these difficulties, the notion of people developing themselves is clearly an alternative to the idea of different kinds of development agencies undertaking trusteeship for development. doubt that for this to happen require radical changes in the constitution, power relations, and looks at the relationship between development, peace and the state. Chapter seven deals with the development of a Work plan and the preparation of a budget for a given study. Under the current conditions, the main aspects that are being studied from the globalization perspective are: a) New concepts, definitions and empirical evidence for hypotheses concerning cultural variables and their change at the national, regional and global level; b) Specific ways to adapt the principles of comprehensive sociology to the current global village atmosphere; c) Interactions among the different levels of power from nation to nation, and from particular social systems which are operating around the world; d) How new patterns of communications are affecting the minorities within each society; e) The concept of autonomy of state in the face of increasingly flexible communication tools and international economic ties, which are rendering obsolete the previous unilateral effectiveness of national economic decisions; and f) How regionalism and multilateralism agreements are affecting global economic and social integration. This recognition led to a shift away from an exclusive focus on women to a GAD approach that also factors into the equation males and the broader socio-cultural environment. "Journal of Peacebuilding and Development." The local environmental impact from manufacturing is the waste energy and materials that cause pollution. Associated with this view, the focus on aims at integrating economic, biological, social, cultural, and political dimensions. But with whom the colonialists had trouble or dissatisfaction, were replaced with other considered more loyal. These criticisms have led to a new strategic emphasis on womens empowerment within the development process. Tracing the factors causing people to radicalise is an initial step to take to build peace. Development should be understood as a process, not a product. (Cohn: 166-7). They were set up essentially to regulate the global economy under the sponsorship and direction of the US, initially with the acute needs of war damaged Europe in mind. The causes of unevenness in the distribution of population range from ecological endowments, colonial history and forms of production, to national and international migration and resettlements (or combination of these). Environment and Economics was dominant in the field of DS that is exemplified by the influence of Marshall Plan ideas. away from political, economic, or social oppression. Skip to content +254728776317 info@masomomsingi.co.ke Click to download: The idea of the just rule, that if they were not superior, then God would not have given them the colonies. The course is intended to be of introductory level which aims to familiarize the students with major trends and important topics in the discourse of development. Moreover, it is not possible to say that traditional values are always dichotomous from modern status, for example, loyalty to the Emperor can be transformed to loyalty to the firm. Dirks (2001) elects to support the latter view. The transition involves four stages, or possibly five. Currency Ratio method: Currency has a basic comparative advantage over checks for payment of purchases of services and goods that individuals can hide from the authorities SCR method depends on that aforementioned comparative advantage. gross national product (GNP). Chapters four and five deal with literature review and the development of research objectives, respectively. As the course is interdisciplinary, therefore, there is no single textbook for the course. >> Adam Smiths hidden hand of the market converts individual interests into the wealth of nations. The first perspective is to see development as a vision, description or measure of the state of being of a desirable society. Fail Again. Another definition which is same in its essence to the South Commission is given by UNDP The Human Development Report of 1991, published by the United Nation Development Program, state: the basic objective of human development is to enlarge the range of peoples choices to make development more democratic and participatory. transformed over long periods. For example, in the classical approach, tradition is an obstacle to development; in the new approach, tradition is an additive factor of development. Specifically, the field of tries to explain differences in development conditions mostly through macroeconomic factors. But it is important not to lose sight of the colonial state as a key actor in bringing about major changes within economy and society. To some modern writers (Baylay 1988:156) pre-colonial cast system and religious practices were fluid, eclectic and uncodified. (growth of Capitalism is must for devt), Interventionism (intentional development), (those with a degree of power-are all interventionists), (devt as changes in the social & eco structures), Alternative Development, people centered or another devt, Intervening to improve market efficiency, Achieving social goals by governing the market. Is a monotheistic religion that believe in one god which is based in the teaching and life of jesus christ as solving problems and delivering services in the U. or other economically advanced Poor infrastructures Course code: 2SK021. Discussion of the nature of DS is timely because of the expansion of taught courses at various levels during the previous decade; because of sustained critiques of DS in recent years; and because DS has entered a period of introspection - illustrated by several journal special issues and events - to identify its defining characteristics. Love and affection. The concept of "development" cuts across many levels. Globalization, Police Reform and Development: Doing it the Western Way? Click here for more infoAvailable at: (). Ultimately, theories that overly depend on histories of small nations, homogenous nations, or city-states, provide weak tests of the economics of industrial welfare. Now answer the questions given in Check Your Progress 1. The field is further complicated because these variables are highly intertwined. Academics such as Nobel laureates Robert Coase (1991), Gary Becker (1992), Douglas North and Robert Fogel (1993), John C. Harsanyi, Reinhard Selten, John F. Nash Jr. (1994), and Amartya Sen (1998) were amongst several authors who focused on transaction costs, property rights, institutions, non-market behavior and welfare economics in their development theories. 5:22-24). It aims to support measures that empower women to contribute to setting development agenda, and to challenge socioeconomic systems that place them at a relative disadvantage to men. Dudley Seers while elaborating on the meaning of development suggests that while there can be value . To understand the current issues of the world, meaning the contemporary issues that are Low level of material poverty (the capacity to obtain physical necessities particularly food. Similar links exist with many other development topics. process which builds on itself, where change is continuous and where how such conceptions of development might contrast with conventional definitions of Development Studies is a diverse field of study that takes 'development' as its central concern. The founders of the UN saw conflict prevention as the ultimate criterion against which the post Second World War order would be judged. Organized, ongoing development aid followed during the post-colonial period. Societal change most often requires structural change. Current links between development and conflict theory stress the provision of aid in cases of violent conflict. performing different functions within the society although these functions could be interchanged "Development and Conflict Theory." These trends have two main results. the capitalist market system was indeed self-destructing. development results and partnership) are indeed applicable for assistance to countries in Keywords:Development economics Development Economics, a subject that studies institutions, growth, inequality and poverty in the developing world, is a large, lively and exciting area of research. 4 0 obj 3. Each unit of output of primary commodities can be exchanged for a decreasing number of units of manufactured goods. Liberal democracy and capitalist industrialization-the only viable for development (Fukuyama), Another vision of development starts not from production but from people and from human needs (alternative development school, which contrasts growth-centered with people-centered). There were, and are still, many uncertainties around the field of development studies. The last conference, Habitat-II, took place in Istanbul to discuss urban issues. 2. To intact this feeling of loyalty, rewards were presented to these collaborators for their services and allegiance to the British Raj. There are also the structuralists who see development as involving changes in social and economic structures. They are victims of disease. UN's role is being limited, NGOs come to the forefront: The UN's role has been largely one of peace-keeping, which essentially meant monitoring case-fire arrangements. plans), or to micro problems (such as local community development). Talbot (2000:13) Ever since the publication in 1978 of Edward Saids seminal study Orientalsim. can be realized. The third perspective of development is to see it as consisting of deliberate efforts aimed is the need to conduct participatory researches into development strategies/policies in countries. Examples of this situation can be seen in Latin America, especially in those countries with a high degree of industrialization, such as Sao Paulo, Brazil which Andre G. Frank uses as a case study. A variety of mechanisms were created in different parts of India to generate revenue without revolt. Grading system: Fail (U), Pass (G), Pass with distinction (VG) This is an important point that allows us to separate these aforementioned schools from the theoretical perspective of world-systems or globalization theory. This disconnect creates something of a "Catch-22" a vicious cycle in which development leads to conflict, and the lack of conflict resolution practices interferes with further development. The field is further complicated because these variables are highly intertwined. As development co-operation has grown in the decades of the 20th century, so has the realization that women should be key participants in and beneficiaries of policies, programmes and projects concerned with both poverty eradication and the achievement of social and political improvements in people's lives. then you must become like us, and do as we did and continue to do. 7) 1. Many scholars believe that development age, in the post war era, with its new shape Most often, they turned to crime because they do not have other employment options nor do they have an expectation of a better life. /Length 8 0 R sustainable development Such a multi disciplinary view of development opens an avenue for fresh thinking on the human dimensions of development. Compare this with the earlier WID approaches that perceived women simply as reproducers (family planning), and passive recipients of resources (basic needs and services). WV9.Usfr)LREymd4RYkX)*8~`. This article expands the debate by examining how nation-states create statutory welfare by addressing institutional variety beyond markets. which they are assumed to be better off. Nguyen Quoc Trung. Although there is no doubt that physical violence (including torture) were important elements of British domination in India, equally important were the success of political strategies that took full advantage of rivalries amongst native rulers and exploited divisions arising caste, religion, class and other sectarian differences. Official Development Agencies: The UN system, the WB and IMF, and official aid programmes. By 1998-99, the share had increased to 46 per cent. The attribute of modernity forms a consistent whole, thus appearing in a cluster rather than in isolation; [10] b) Modernization is a transformative process; in order for a society to move into modernity its traditional structures and values must be totally replaced by a set of modern values; [11] and c) Modernization is an imminent process due to its systematic and transformative nature, which builds change into the social system. Furthermore, this theoretical position uses highly abstract levels of analysis. post 1945 peacenorth America and western Europe have mostly enjoyed peace in post 1945 periodthat is why Keegan et al are more optimistic about the scale of wars. This paper is an initial contextual desk study based on World Bank in-house interviews. c) To establish the most acceptable definition of development. (devt as This paper seeks to identify the major challenges or issues in applying Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) principles in conflict-affected countries. It was generally agreed to employ gender as a major axis of identity and to build policy and analysis on the basis that there are significant commonalities in women's experience. http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/09/24/20020924let01.html, Capitalism: A system of production of goods and services for market exchange (rather than consumption by their producers) in order to make a profit. While this may be true in any Those world. Wuyts, Mackintosh and Hewitt. Knowledge of the history and practices of Indian states was seen as the most valuable form of knowledge on which to build the colonial state. or at risk of violent conflict. Regulation primarily implies legality, but it is also the case that legality itself is a multi-dimensional concept. 3. Some scholars have recognized that European orientalist knowledge, classification, definition and representation of non-western societies were more about the power to control than about intellectual curiosity. Other changes are technological changes involved in industrial revolution, advances in military technology, the expansion of franchise (democracy) and erosion of aristocracy. -From Article. This has particularly affected women <> Police agents also functioned as prison wards for natives that could not pay taxes, or they kept women hostage to force their husbands to pay. %PDF-1.4 NSSCO Development Studies Syllabus NIED 2009 2 2. 4. What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair dealing., Gross domestic product "measures everything except that which makes life worth living" (Robert Kennedy), Four Main Theories of Development: Modernization, Dependency, World-Systems, and Globalization, Graduate School of Public and International Affairs -GSPIA-. But it is also important to realize the notions of gender identity, and thus what is fitting for men and women to do or to be, may have a strong ideological context. 2. Involving people at local levele.g Vietnam in the early 1980s, when the Peasant Union, the Trades Unions, the Women's Union and other mass organizations and their local branches were tied into the decision-making structures of the party; and although these organizations were usually considered by critics as only manifestations of political mobilization, there was no doubt that they also debated policy proposals vigorously and frequently modified them, even important policies. We construct Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of productions). Development should be understood as a process, not a product. 'The time of absolute and exclusive sovereigntyhas passed; its theory was never matched by reality' (Boutros Ghali, 1992). However, in many instances, development interventions underestimate local politics, social realities, and belief systems. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is head of the church; and he is the saviour of the body. efficiency, Achieving Seers suggested that the realization of the potential of human personality is a universally acceptable aim and development must therefore entail ensuring the conditions for achieving this aim. is communication among people and vertical involves communication with god. Use bible as their holy book, there is also baptism. Cairo hosted a conference on population and In this short piece, I will try to conceptualize the concept of development particularly as it applies to developing countries. >> Secondly, for countries whose export income depends on primary commodities, falling prices has meant reduced income. Oxford University Press. endobj Potter (2000) mentioned two clusters of ideas, in his book, which were central to the British colonial ideology of just rule in India, for example. An important distinction we need t make in economic activity is between primary commodity production and manufacturing. It is about the interaction of the economic, social, political systems and environmental , which affects development, including decision making, and action taking. The Journal of Development Studies was the first and is one of the best known international journals in the area of development studies. Cohn (1996:5) the British conceived of governing India by codifying and reinstituting the ruling practices that had been developed by previous states and rulers. By contrast, manufacturing output may be increased, if the capital and cheap energy supplies are available, by drawing on a multiplicity of more or less distant sources of raw materials. I submit that what anthropologists are prone to call traditional India is in fact, British India. Yet development aid goes beyond development assistance. The term 'Development Studies' did not come into use until after World War II (Einsiedel and Parmar 2004), and many DS journals date from the early 1950s to the early 1970s.4 Many have argued that DS was born out of the decolonisation process in the 1950s and 1960s, For example, administrative chaos in under-financed governmental bodies often causes the transference of responsibilities from the central state to s, local governments, and the private sector. The simplest definition of development by Chambers is good change. Some aspects of the negotiation of social identity are analyzed, and the role of the state and state's policy towards Tatar group are shown, are as well as some inspirations for the Tatar modernist ideas in the Islamic reformist movements. SdfWA)PRUcv#tM+}NXijJ.#ZR#CakLSL U& Perhaps because development aid does not deal directly with violence, conflict Both positions stress the fact that the path toward development is generated and must be followed in terms of the US and European models. At its most general level, this review raises the question of whether the Sikh tradition is compatible with or hinders development, as generally understood in the mainstream development discourse. Various facets of development are discussed by examining the Sikh scriptural writings on those subjects, and how Sikh norms and beliefs have evolved into particular ethical practices bearing on developmental issues. Some countries, particularly African countries, appear to be stalled in the second stage due to stagnant development and the effect of ()AIDS. It emerged as an academic discipline during the late part of the 20th century amid growing concerns for third world economies struggling to establish themselves in the postcolonial era. focus on the conceptualization, implementation of centred development policies. Environmental Science PDF notes material with multiple file links to download. David Potter (2000) Political sovereignty did not necessarily bring with it economic independence. 2. Some of the books that contain a wide variety of topics have been put in the recommended books list. Development Studies i dont know IGCSE Other Read full notes now Save to favourites Similar Development Studies resources: Handcuffs for restraints Overview of Immigration Identity, ethnicity and religion in Africa How did ethnic identity politics survive the modern nation state> The cold war in Africa Since the birth of 'gender' in the mid 1970s the feminists 'new wave' generation has been demanding women to integrate them into the development process. 'Development' is a contested concept, which encompasses two broad sets of concerns. The Millennium Development Goals illustrate how development is an interdisciplinary people of the world are living in conditions approaching misery. In summary, these five stages are: traditional society, precondition for takeoff, the takeoff process, the drive to maturity, and high mass consumption society. Refugees and displace populations is over 50 million. How agency and structure are combines, and the weighting assigned to one or the other, are maters on which the various explanations of democratization disagree. In the immediate future it is unlikely that there will be attempts at UN-endorsed, armed intervention to enforce peace and provide humanitarian aid (let alone to stop genocide). The importance of the distinction between primary commodities and manufacturing from an environmental standpoint is that an increase in output of primary commodities is more likely to be achievable only through increasing the intensity of exploitation of local resources, with attendant risks of degradation of those resources (exhaustion of mineral reserves, depletion of fish stocks, reduction in soil fertility etc.). DIFFERENT SENSE (OR VISIONS) in which the term DEVELOPMENT is used: Some people say that development includes totality and comprehensive process that includes all issues The concept of "development" cuts across many levels. Families could change their cast ranking in quite short periods of time. Key Concepts : Strategic Studies 0 Strategy 0 Grand Strategy 0 Theatre Strategy 0 Sphere of Influence 0 Sphere of Interest 0 Pre-Emptive Strike 0 Terrorism 0 Alliance - i.e. Policy and Public Action, eds. How large is the informal support system and how much poverty does it alleviate? Rodney (1989:9) states that development at the individual level implies increased skill and fcapacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility and material well being. Contraceptive acceptance often required the explicit consent of men. In recent years social scientists have turned their attention to problematizing men and masculinity in advanced countries in the face of seemingly intractable problems including: high unemployment, low labor and educational attainment of young men, an increase in irresponsible social behavior including drug-taking, criminality and sexual irresponsibility, and the breakdown of the traditional family.
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